Hello!
It is not so easy. There are a lot of books about it. The layouts for digital and analog circuits are diffrent - the rules of design are diffrent.

The value and number of capacitors you have to use depends on your application, on parameters like: switching time, working frequency, flowing current etc. If it possible, I have been using 100nF for every ic and 100uF for every 4..5 ic (between vcc and ground). I also try to make the power supply tracks' width more than 30 mils.

What are the "registers"? Does it mean "resistors"? Do you make mistake? If you want to calculate the value of resistor for dc current, you have to use formula like this:

R (Ohm)= Voltage (V) / Current (A).

For example: you want to calculate resistor for led diode. Diode needs about 1.5V and 5mA to light on. LED is powered from +5V power supply.

R = (5V of power supply - 1.5V for led) / 0.005A = 700 Ohm (the typical value is 680 Ohm)

Did you heard about Mr.Ohm rules? If not, try to find it.

It looks easy, but it really isn't easy. I remeber the time, when I have made my first "big" project. I have used about 30 ics. It was funny!!!