Hi! What is your data line? What kind of micro you are using? It is simply, when you are using i2c devices.

The data and address check is depending on your application. But I mean, that only one way is to make an external feedback. It can be a latch device, memory or another one. You are sending the address and expecting the data from this address. Or you are sending data, the latch device saves it, you are reading data from latch and verify it.

Is it really neccesary? Usully good working application and good layout's manufacturer don't need the datas and addresses verification. It takes a lot of time during program working. You have to make device test before you run the program, not after.
Good method is to make simply device test before starting your application! Yes, your device can fail during using, but there is no test to prevent from this. What you want to test if your microcontroller is damaged? How damaged microcontroller can make itself test or external devices? It isn't easy to do...

Have a fun!
Jacek