In my personal experience of i2c problems on microcontroller forums:

70% are incorrect slave addresses, and inability of poster to read the return value of any Write_Slave_Address function.

20% are posters that are determined to write functions that do not obey the i2c specs.

10% are bad hardware connections.

In your case, your DS1307 behaves fine and several 24Cxx chips misbehave.

I presume that you have power-cycled the eeprom before running your code.

Perhaps you could post your whole code.

David.